Vijay P. Singh

Lacking adequate supervision on quality of state wastewater treatment plants causes these materials to enter the environment raw and in most cases with no consolidation and cause lots of losses to the natural environment. Samples: Samples were prepared in plastic cylinders with nearly 14 cm diameter and 50 cm height. Silica sand was poured into cylinders in three layers, bottom to up and tiny to coarse. Aligoudarz wastewater treatment plant was used for irrigation of lysimeters. On one hand, the operation of four-seed powder together with silica sand was remarkable in decreasing the number of coliforms. And removal efficiency for total coliforms and fecal coliforms were 98% and 99%, respectively. Using this method in refining urban wastewater can increase wastewater microbial quality to the high degree and can be used in agricultural land, feeding underground water resources, entering surface water, green space irrigation and using in car washes and etc.

Managers and planners of urban development logically arrange human and natural applications in a set of systems. Interaction between subsystems in a desirable way can result in high positive entropy and consequent modern urban development. This study investigates whether the dynamics of physical development in Shiraz, Iran, follows a chaotic standard or not? The first step in this regard is to apply a systemic attitude. The second step is to quantitatively define each of the systems (climatic, geomorphological, humanistic). To that end, the required information is extracted as an approximation from the thirty-year climate products of the Meteorological Organization of the province, and the information needed in the Shiraz area is determined through internal interpolation. By extraction of two-dimensional planes and three-dimensional pixels (topographic and geomorphic), spatial information is computed. The two-dimensional data of physical development of Shiraz city as a human system have been developed for the whole province and the city of Shiraz and then quantitatively expressed through internal interpolation. Given the geometric spatial arrangement of numerical information and the algebraic analysis of systems, it can be seen from their systematic feedback due to the structure of chaotic, fractal or phase and the interaction of natural and human systems that it was designed to manage the urban development of Shiraz which as the whole system has the least negative entropy in other fields of material and energy flow and the highest limit of negative system feedback. Results of analysis, on the one hand, show the imbalance in the dynamical system of urban geomorphology, and control of the system towards equilibrium, on the other hand.

Keywords:
Geomorphic, chaos, fractal, Physical Development, climate change, Shiraz.

Accurate data and timely information regarding the existing land-uses is needed to manage the natural landscapes effectively. The information related to land-use changes constitutes the basic element in management of natural resources. In fact, the awareness about patterns of land-use changes is conductive of ecosystem toward balance. Therefore, the need to detect, plan and predict such changes in an ecosystem is of great importance. In order to discover these changes, the application of multi-temporal remote sensing data (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) provides the possibility of valuable analysis. In this paper, two images, i.e. ETM+ 2002 and OLI 2015 were used for Zanjan city. To map the pattern of changes, at first the coordinates of two images were integrated, andafter the atmospheric corrections, the considered area was classified to four classes including residential areas, road network, vegetation and other regions using the maximum likelihood method. Then,Post classification and overlapping methods were used to detect changes. The results show that the urban expansion has increased during 13 years. The expansion of Zanjan City has been inclined more toward north and north –west affecting the barren lands, while the garden lands in the south has been less influenced by urban expansion. 

Keywords: Change detection, Land-use, Remote sensing, GIS, Landsat, Zanjan city

Determine the flow resistance parameters are important in hydraulic calculations of mountain area with steep slops. The purpose of this study is investigation the effect of slope, speed, depth and size of roughness on the manning roughness coefficient in this shallow stream region. This is an experimental study about manning roughness determined for mountain areas covered by particles in three different sizes and three gradients for different hydraulic conditions in a flume of 8.3m long, 0.8m width and 0.5m height under bed slope of 0.0005. At the end of flow changes against the Manning roughness coefficient are shown, which includes above hydraulic parameters and discussed.


Keywords:

Shallow waters; Manning coefficient; Mountain areas

To investigate and measurement of different variables effects such as type of fibers, weight percent (ratio of yarn dry weight and soil dry weight) and length of fibers on loading improvement of reinforcement weak sandy soil (with random distribution), was used artificial yarn such as polypropylene in CBR experiment. Conclusion of indicator in these experiments is increase of shear strength of sand mix with random distribution in 13.8 percent of humidity. But in further humidity, behavior of reinforcement becomes different. Lengthening of fibers till 12 millimeters, increases the loading strength by changing the percent of fibers; while more lengthening, leads up to reduce strength.

Keywords:
Silty-sandy soil, Soil stabilization, polypropylene fibers, CBR.

Water user cooperative (WUC) is an organization for promoting optimum use and management of water, emphasizing the participation of all beneficiary groups.  The aim of this study is to determine the factors that deter WUC from being successful in accomplishing its objective in Jarghoyeh Region, Isfahan Province, Iran. These factors are enumerated through five indices: notification, participation, economic incentives, social incentives, and organization-farmer communication, using fuzzy regression model and symmetric and non-symmetric fuzzy triangular numbers. The values of indices estimatedin the study indicate that economic incentivesneither have been defined for the beneficiary groups norattemptshavebeen made in this regard in practice.  Influences of other indices on forming cooperatives are poorly evaluated.

This article summaries the effects of water resource advance on the natural science of the arid zones Such hydrological variations caused of a obvious degradation of the situation, secondary salinization and desertification of terrestrial in the whole of basin Such deviations are principally attributable to the waste of water resources  The main approaches mandatory to steady the environment and preserve maintainable progress of these basins, include general scheduling, which takes into attention  to the benefits of the superior, central and minor scopes, rational spreading and use of water resources, and organization of relations between financial progress and safety of the environment.While climate change occurs over time and place. The global climate image stagnated over the last 2000 years. Therefore, the current desirability phenomenon should be attributed to human intervention and the application of new technology, not to drought. Although this is not the reason why the long-term drought has not accelerated desertification. Problems caused by mismanagement of water resources in different land testing systems can be solved by appropriately using appropriate water-proofing techniques, water conservation, the use of advanced irrigation solutions, salt control, runoff management and flood control. Made Each of the classified techniques can increase productivity and may stop desertification or change its processes and ultimately lead to degradation. These techniques can be used in seven earth systems. In general, the majority of water resource management techniques mentioned in this article have a light desertification potential. Watershed conservation, desalination and drainage control and agriculture are exceptionally runoff and have a moderate to high potential for land degradation. Most of the techniques used in centralized or semi-centralized utilization systems are good start ups and high returns, and their costs are modest to high

Keywords: Water Extraction, Desertification, Water Conservation, Water Resources Management, Degradation; Drylands; Land degradation; Sustainable land management; combat desertification

Iran is one of arid and semi-arid regions of the world and has experimented many challenges in the sustainability of water resources. With the development of urbanization and the natural and artificial changes in land use, environments called urban watersheds have been created with different hydrological and hydrologic behaviors that design and manage the sustainable management and utilization of water resources in urban areas to rebuild the degradation of nature through urban development. None of the cities in Iran has been studied as a complete network with consideration of all water resources, and no optimization has been done on the allocation of urban water resources. Achieving sustainable development in urban watersheds, requires the development of integrated management models, some of these problems can be solved with using optimum runoff of precipitation in there. The purpose of this research is to investigate how water management in the urban environment and the impact of urban development on the water dynamics and the role of the city's spatial scale and density and their management in urban hydrology. Due to the lack of attention to the engineered water cycle in Iran, in measuring the total city water cycle waste, determining the penetration rate in permeable and impervious urban areas should be among the priorities. It is also important to quantifying the impact of urban areas on climate dynamics in predicting rainfall on a time scale, and should consider the impacts of these events on flood infrastructures, flood risk, and water quality. Keywords: Water Management, Urban Development, Urban Watershed, Sustainable Development

Water and soil are the most important natural sources that play important role in forming and surviving of civilization. In this case of study, checking out of water and soil sources is so important. This sources have been damaged by human’s intervention that can be problematic in continuation of human’s life. Purpose of this research is checking out suitable place to construct the corrective dam through the waterways in order to decrease erosion, sediment and its destructive effects.  This, however, needs the identification of defenseless zones to soil erosion. Because of the complex interactions between the diverse mechanisms that govern soil erosion and the inherent uncertainties involved in measuring these procedures, evaluating erosion defenselessness at the watershed scale is stimulating. In this research, intended layers have been prepared in ARC GIS software. In tree model that was provided in ILWIS, local and economic factors and limitations have been considered. Map of factors and limitation has been standardized, weight of each data layer has been given with Fuzzy and Boolean method according to view of expert. Eventually with combining layers of final maps, that show local prioritize for constructing stony-cement dams through the waterway. Conclusion show, SMCE method is used for locating.

Keywords:
Corrective Dams, Local Multi-Criteria’s Evaluating, Golpayegan, Stony-Cement Dams

We examine the turbulent structure of the open-channel flow, in which the flow depth is very small (Compared to the hardness height) to form a logarithmic layer but it is large enough to form an outer layer in which the flow is not directly affected by the rough and hard elements. Because there is no log layer, the displacement height d determines the position of the zero level and the rupture rate u0 can’t be found by matching the speed information with the log rule.However, these parameters are still very important because they are used to scale static flows for external and rough layers.In this article we propose another method for evaluation in laboratory conditions. Where d of additional experiments is found to be quite grown with the log layer.We also describe a suitable method for evaluating the rupture rate u0 for low crescent flows. These methods have been used for our own lab experiments, with a harsh uniformity, where velocities were measured using a particle Image Speedometer. Results are interpreted in terms of the twice averaged Navier-Stokes equations and includes the mean of velocity, turbulence intensity, Reynolds actions of normal tension and rupture induced by form and shape. Information collapses well and show that in flows without a Log layer created, the turbulence structure in the outer layer remains similar to the turbulence structure of the flows with a log layer. This means that Even though the rough layer in the experiments reported here is high enough to prevent the growth and development of the Log layer, however, the effect of the substrate's roughness does not spread and diffused further into the outer layer,in addition, the results show that flow statistics do not depend on relative crescent, exceptfor tensions induced by the form that increases when partial crescent decreases.

Keywords: Flow, Crescent Flow, Initial Speed, Reynolds

The actual fluid flow in the waterways is in contrast to the ideal fluid flow with the creation of shear stresses and on the one hand the amount of these stresses depends on the physical properties of the fluid and the flow behavior and on the other hand depends on the physical characteristics of the waterway, So, these characteristics affect the environmental resistance against the fluid passing through the environment. The exact measurement of the frictional force of the source of the shear stresses is not feasible, and this has led to many investigators to approximate estimate the resistance level. As a result, investigations were applied to optimize the coefficients in transactions governing the flow of open and close channels. Although the experiments showed that the use of uniform flow resistance coefficients for non-uniform flows are usable, But they all confirmed the necessity of modulating the coefficients for non-uniform flows and here, assuming that the being non-uniform in the passing flow on smooth surfaces or interstitial surfaces is hydraulically the formation and growth of the boundary layer, It was attempted to investigate the probable deviation of the manning resistance coefficient in non-uniform flows relative to their amount in uniform flows and The result of the research showed that the  resistance coefficients in non-uniform flows were less than uniform flows and the necessity of correction of the resistance coefficients  in culverts and dewatering channels.

Keywords: Boundary Layer, Resistance Coefficient, Manning Coefficient, Non-Uniform Flow

Detection of changes is one of the fundamental requirements in the management and evaluation of urban areas. Various methods have been proposed to detect changes and land cover developments. The purpose of this study was to study land use changes in the Yazd area using Landsat 5 satellite imagery, TM, MSS and ETM+ images for the period of 1987-2012. For this purpose, the images were first corrected geometrically using appropriate algorithms. After determining the educational samples, two images of the vegetation of the study area were prepared using the supervised classification method. In the next step, the mapping of the changes was made by comparing the overlapping maps using the comparative method. The results indicate that land cover has changed during this time period. The main reason for these changes is population growth, changing social, economic and industrial conditions in Yazd.

Sustainable security and development by damage reduction methods in areas with water shortage of the country can play a very effective role in the development of aquatic environments, as it is one of the indicators for sustainable development of clean and healthy water supply that it is possible to neutralize its effects when water damage is reduced. In this article, addressing new and effective methods in this field have tried to have a new perspective on this issue and on secure providing clean and healthy drinking water.

Protection, optimization and revitalization of old textures in historical cities which are the main cores of those cities are inevitable. These old textures have undergone corrosion due to inappropriate maintenance and ignorance. There are ruptures in these textures. The current study is aimed to investigate potentials and factors affecting identity of historical city of Gaz-E Borkhar-Isfahan which have undergone corrosion due to ignorance. Some recommendations are proposed here to revitalize these textures. This study is of descriptiveanalytical type which has been conducted in a way that data have been collected based on desk study and then data analysis has been performed. Results have shown that the old textures of the mentioned city are the primary component of the identity of Gaz-E Bokhowar. Consequently, these textures are demanding for special attention. Additionally, to resolve the mentioned problems, some alternatives have been proposed in order to promote environmental qualities, to increase spatial attractions, to maintain historical identity of the city and to provide better services for habitants. 

Keywords: City identity, old texture, organization, Gaz-E Bokhowar

Hydrological droughts usually affect large areas and minimum river flow is an appropriate index for the study of hydrological droughts. are commonly used for analyzing multivariate data? This study considered 35 hydrological indicators which were divided into 5 groups, including amplitude, duration, frequency, timing, variability, that characterized the various flow regime characteristics. Factor analysis and principal component analysis were used to calculate the hydrological indices for 14 stations of Karun watershed, Iran, and analyze the main components (PCAs). Then, the main components, the most important parameters of the Karun domain, which included A2, A4, D3, D5, V1, F and T, were determined and based on these indices, they were grouped by cluster analysis. Hydrological indicators were divided 6 groups which most of them near PC1 which then follow PC2 but at least of them follow other PC. The only group has positive axis include: D6, A2, A1 that Station 7 and 13 near it. Three groups hydrological indicators have positive PC2 and one group also negative and positive PC2.two groups has negative PC2.two groups of hydrological indicators has positive and 4 groups of hydrological indicators has negative.

Keywords: Cluster Analysis, Component Analysis, Hydrological Drought, Hydrological Index

In order to design and construct many of the hydraulic structures such as dams, there is a need to determine the amount of river discharge. In rivers without gauging stations, it is necessary to calculate their inflows by using the hydrological models. SWAT is one of the numerical models that are widely used for this purpose.  For calculating the basin discharge, the model requires effective metrological data such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, solar radiation and relative humidity on the one hand, and the data related to the basin surface such as curve number and roughness coefficient on the other hand. In this research, Kasillian River discharge has been calculated as a case study and has been verified using data from Valikben hydrometric station, which is placed at the basin outlet.  Furthermore, the impact of each input data on the calculation of water flow has also been studied. 

Keywords: SWAT, River Discharge, Precipitation, Solar Radiation, Wind Speed, Temperature

In order to achieve optimal use of water resources in agriculture and to increase water use efficiency, it is necessary to apply robust irrigation management particularly in surface methods. Deficit irrigation is an irrigation management method in which a technical –engineering method is used in order to supply the required water for irrigated plants so that the maximum use of water unit will be achieved. There are significant methods to apply deficit irrigation in surface irrigation and one method which has recently been used is alternate furrow irrigation. In this method in every round, the furrows are irrigated alternately;the water is collected in one side of planting rows and the wetting pattern will progress laterally as far as it can supply the required wet for unirrigated furrows. The more this progress, the more successful is irrigation. Therefore, this method is highly applicable in the soils with high degree of permeability and trivial slope because these characteristics would lead to increase in lateral progress. In this paper, effect of alternate furrow irrigation in a potato farm on water use efficiency was investigated through randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed that this method would significantly increase water use efficiency. Moreover, in this study the water use efficiency of potato in Charahmahal and Bakhtiari Province was compared with the values obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method. The results indicated that water use efficiency in fixed alternate furrow irrigation had significantly difference with other methods. And this efficiency was higher than the efficiencies in different parts of the province. 

Keywords: Alternate furrow irrigation, Water use efficiency.

In this study, changes in the quality of wastewater due to movement on the soil surface during irrigation were studied. For this purpose, 20 irrigation operations were carried out in four furrows, and then the quality of wastewater and runoff was tested.  Investigations showed that the total suspended matter (TSS) and electrical conductivity (EC) of the wastewater after the advance on the soil have increased significantly. The increase in EC during the irrigation season with relative stabilization of the bed is more significant. On the other hand, changes in the biological parameters of the wastewater (COD and number of coliforms) after moving in the furrow, except for the increase in the first irrigation, had a decreasing trend. Increasing these indexes in the first irrigation with regard to high air temperature can be attributed to erosion, increased suspended load and soil contamination. The faster flow of wastewater and the possibility of combining air oxygen, absorbing some of the coliforms by the soil and, possibly removing them from sunlight, can affect the reduction of contamination in subsequent irrigation. The results showed that the higher the SAR, TSS and COD of the input wastewater and the EC, the lower the contamination reduction due to the progression. The present study is one of the first studies to investigate the effect of soil movement on the quality of sewage

Keywords: Sewage Treatment, Soil Advancement, Jute Irrigation, Biological Indices ‬ ‬ ‬

Abstract: The labyrinth spillways are utilized to cater a more discharge capacity than straight overflow spillways. The capacity of a labyrinth spillway has dependents on total head, effective crest length, and discharge coefficient. The labyrinth spillway is utilizing as an overflow structure in large reservoirs. In the present study, guide vanes were utilized to increment the discharge coefficient of triangular labyrinth spillway. The different configurations of guide vanes on the upstream face of the spillway in a rectangular horizontal channel were examined. These different configurations were repeated for 3 widths of guide vanes. Experiments were operated for sub-critical, stable and free overflow conditions. Finally, the results show that the discharge coefficient of the triangular labyrinth spillway putting guide vanes had higher values than that of simple triangular labyrinth spillway. Putting 4 guide vanes in the first-quarter and fourth-quarter of two side legs can increment the discharge coefficient up to 18 %.

The flow duration curve (FDC) of a riveris one of the important parameters for the hydrological investigation of hydroelectric plants. Computation of the hydroelectric plant capacity and power production requires the determination of relative and cumulative frequenciesof different river discharges. Ab-Terki is one of the sub-basins of Bazoft River, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, next to Koohrang basin. It is located between eastern longitudes of 49ᵒ54' to 50ᵒ 5' and northern latitudes of 32ᵒ 19' to 32ᵒ 24'. Morphological conditions, sloping limestone structures, and characteristics of karstic cracks in the basin have led to the formation of large springs in the eastern and western foothills of Zardkooh Mountain. In order to determine the FDCs of Ab-Terki River,3-year daily discharge and 24-year mean monthly discharge of Gooshe-pol station were used. Then, the probabilities of discharges were analyzed using Hyfa and Rank Plot numerical codes and finally, the discharge of Ab-Terki River corresponding to 95% probability was determined.

With increasing uncertainties associated with climate change, precipitation characteristics pattern are receiving much attention these days. This paper investigated the impact of climate change on precipitation in the Kansabati basin, India. Trend and persistence of projected ...

An understanding of the effect of climate teleconnection patterns on the hydrological cycle is important for the long term management of water resources. In this paper we examine the effect of ENSO on surface runoff in the Rio Grande basin. The watershed, which is shared ...

Abstract Climate model simulations for the twenty-first century point toward changing characteristics of precipi-tation. This paper investigates the impact of climate change on precipitation in the Kansabati River basin in India. A downscaling method, based on Bayesian Neural ...

This study uses long-term daily streamflow records from selected river basins in the state of Texas. Four kinds of seasonal streamflow extremes based on scales (1 and 7 day) and 95th and 97.5 th percentile threshold levels were analyzed for pre-industrial period (1925– ...

Employing the entropy concept spatial and temporal variability of precipitation time series were investigated for the State of Texas, USA. Marginal entropy was used to investigate the variability associated with monthly, seasonal and annual time series. Also, apportionment entropy ...

There is a considerable body of literature on solute transport in groundwater systems. Transport equations have been solved analytically for simple cases and numerically for more complicated systems. compiled analytical solutions of one dimensional advective-dispersive-reactive ...

ABSTRACT An analytical solution for the space-time variation of contaminant concentration in one-dimensional transient groundwater flow in a homogenous semi-infinite aquifer, subjected to time-dependent source contamination, is derived. The uniform and time varying dispersion along transient groundwater flow is investigated under two conditions. First, the flow velocity distribution in the aquifer is considered as a sinusoidally varying function, and second, the flow velocity distribution is treated as an exponentially increasing function of time. It is assumed that initially the aquifer is not solute free, so the initial background concentration is considered as an exponentially decreasing function of the space variable which is tending to zero at infinity. It is assumed that dispersion is directly proportional to the square of the velocity, noting that experimental observations indicate that dispersion is directly proportional to the velocity with a power ranging from 1 to 2. The analytical solution is illustrated using an example and may help benchmark numerical codes and solutions.

Wells are excavations into the earth for developing groundwater, oil, brine, gas, and engineering geology operations (Driscoll 1986; Hunt 2005). Water wells are dug, driven, bored, or drilled into the saturated zone of water-bearing formations (aquifers) to extract groundwater for drinking and irrigation (Barrocu 2014; Campbell and Lehr 1973). Shallow water wells are excavated into lose and soft rocks by hand, or mechanically, mainly in unconfined aquifers. They are rarely deeper than 50–60 m, normally with a circular section of 1–3.5 m in diameter. One supports their walls with masonry or a precast concrete ring lining to prevent collapsing. The lining often extends above the ground to prevent people from falling into the well and to reduce contamination. In dug wells, if the water table lowers below their bottom, one can use the existing well as the fore shafts of new wells drilled down below the new water level (Fig. 1). In the ancient past, water was brought to the...